Timeline of Oriental Orthodoxy in India (St. Thomas Christianity)
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Contents
St. Thomas Christians
Ancient Era (52-325)
Era of Divisions
Portuguese Colonial Era (1498-1653)
Jacobite Era (1653-1912)
- 1814 The Chaldean Syrian Church separated from what later became known as the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, claiming to continue the pre-Portuguese east-Syrian Nestorian tradition, as an Independent Orthodox Church.
- 1815 Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary (Old Syrian Seminary, Kottayam) is founded, the first Syrian Orthodox Christian school of theology in Asia.
Arrival of the Protestants - Further Splits (1818-1912)
- 1875-1877 Apostolic visit to India by Patriarch Moran Mor Ignatius Ignatius Peter IV.
- 1902 Death of Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala, later canonized by both the Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church and Indian Orthodox Church (1947), being the first Saint of both Oriental Orthodox Churches in India.
- 1910 Formation of the Archdiocese of Knanaya, of the Syrian Orthodox Church.
Modern Era
Indian Orthodox Church: Autocephalous Era (1912-Present)
- 1912 Church of India ('Methran Kakshi' (Bishop's Party)) declares autocephaly from the Jacobite Church of Antioch (Syriac), after a vertical split in the Malankara Church in 1911;[note 1] the Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church ('Bava Kakshi' (Patriarch's Party)) remained as an autonomous jurisdiction of the Church of Antioch (Syriac); with the declaration of autocephaly, the the Catholicate of the East was relocated to India, which historically had been in Seleucia and later in Tigris; consecration of the first Indian Catholicose, Moran Mar Baselios Paulos (1912-14), first Catholicose of the East in India, with the participation of (deposed) Patriarch Ignatius Abdul Messiah of Antioch and (excommunicated) Malankara Metropolitan Geevarghese Dionysius (Vattasseril Mar Divannasios).[note 2]
- ca.1930's Roman Catholic Vellalar Christians (Trichy) separated themselves temporarily from their church because of caste quarells, and employed Orthodox West Syrian Indian Priests from Kerala to conduct their worship services.
- 1930 The Syro-Malankara Catholic Church is established as an Eastern rite of the Roman Catholic Church, when a large group of Jacobites under the leadership of Archbishop Mar Ivanios split from the Malankara Church and subsequently entered into communion with Rome; they were allowed to maintain their Antiochene liturgy.
- 1931 Patriarch Elias III came to Malankara at the invitation of the then British Viceroy, Lord Irvin, to resolving the schism that had erupted in the Malankara Church.
- 1932 Death of Patriarch Elias III, the only Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch who is entombed in Kerala, India; the monastery where he is entombed is a renowned pilgrim centre, known as Manjanikkara Dayara.
- 1934 Establishment of the Constitution of the Orthodox Church in India as an autocephalous Church, linked to the Orthodox Syrian Church of the Patriarch of Antioch; death of Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril, Malankara Metropolitan of the Indian Orthodox Church.
- 1947 Canonization of Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala (+1902) by the Church of India, the first saint canonized by the church; canonization of Eldho Mor Baselios of Kothamangalam (+1685) by the Church of India, the second saint canonized by the church.
- 1947 British India is dissolved, and the Dominion of India gains its independence from the United Kingdom; a largely Hindu India and a Muslim Pakistan are created by partitions of the subcontinent, with Punjab and Bengal divided along religious-demographic boundaries between the two.
- 1958 Unification of the Malankara Church again (lasting from 1958-1975), after the split in 1912: on September 12, the constitutional bench of the Supreme Court of India recognized the validity of the Catholicate and unanimously declared that the Patriarch of Antioch does not have any authority over the Malankara church and that the Indian church is completely free under the Catholicos of the East; by an accord, Syrian Patriarch Moran Mor Ignatius Ya`qub III affirmed his canonical acceptance of the Catholicate as well as the 1934 Constitution of the Indian Orthodox Church; the two factions of the Malankara Church, viz; Jacobite and Orthodox, re-united.
- 1964 Patriarch Moran Mor Ignatius Ya`qub III visited India and consecrated Mor Augen Thimotheos as the Catholicose of the East; thus 'Mar Baselios Augen I', the Metropolitan of Kandanad diocese, became the first “canonically” ordained Catholicose/Maphriyono of the East from India (from the Jacobite point of view).
- 1965 The Indian Orthodox Church participated in the Ecumenical Council of Oriental Orthodox Churches held in Addis Ababa.
- 1969 The Carmelites of Mary Immaculate (CMI) founded Christ University in Bangalore, the first University by the Roman Catholic Church in India.
- 1972 The new Catholicos Augen I began to claim that he is seated on the Throne of St. Thomas, insisting that the Church in Malankara is autocephalous.
- 1975 Schism: the Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church (Patriarchal, "Jacobite", or Bava Faction) and the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (Indian Orthodox Church) (Catholicos, or Methran Faction) split again: a Synod of the Syrian Orthodox Church excommunicated the Catholicos and his followers, while the Catholicos and the Metropolitans convened their own Synod separately, and cut off connections with the Patriarch of Antioch (Syriac); on September 7, 1975, Patriarch Yakub III consecrated Mor Philoxenus of Kandanad (Baselios Paulose II) as Catholicos of the East for the Jacobite faction (1975-1996); the Church of India consecrated Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews I as the new Catholicos (1975-1991).
- 1995 June 20, the Supreme Court of India unequivocally declared that "The Patriarch of Antioch was undoubtedly acknowledged and recognised by all the members of the Malankara Church as the supreme head of their Church", implying that the Indian Orthodox Catholicate is part of the Syriac Orthodox Church and is not autocephalous.
- 1996 September 25, the Nagpur St. Thomas Orthodox Theological Seminary was officially inaugurated by H.G. Dr. Geevarghese Mar Osthathios, the President of the Mission Board of the Malankara Church, in the presence of H.G. Stephanus Mar Theodosius and H.G. Geevarghese Mar Ivanius (Kottayam).
- 2002 The two Oriental Orthodox Churches conducted their own Syrian Christian Association meetings, and since then are functioning independently; the Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church faction adopted a new constitution, against the constitution of 1934.
- 2003 Canonization of Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril (+1934) by the Church of India, the third saint canonized by the chruch.
- 2008 Canonization of Sister Alphonsa (Anna) Muttathupadath (+1946) in the Vatican by Pope Benedict XVI - the first person of Indian origin canonized a saint of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, and the first woman Saint from India.
- 2009 The Government of India issued coins in honour of St. Alphonsa, the first Christian in India to have commemorative coins issued in her honor.
- 2010 February 17, the Malankara association met at Sasthamkotta under the leadership of His Holiness Baselius Marthoma Didymus I, electing seven new Bishops.
See also
- Apostle Thomas
- Addai (Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy)
- Church of India
- Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church
- Assyrian Church of the East ("East Syriac" (Chaldean))
- Church of Antioch (Syriac) ("West Syriac" (Antiochian))
- Oriental Orthodox
Timelines
- Timeline of Church History
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in America
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in the British Isles
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in China
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in Japan
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in Russia
- Timeline of Schisms
- Timeline of Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic relations
Notes
- ↑ Patriarch Ignatius Abded Aloho II (1906-1915) had deposed Patriarch Ignatius Abdul Masih II (1895-1905) and usurped the Patriarchal See of Antioch from him. In 1911 Patriarch Ignatius Abded Aloho (Mar Abdulla) came to Malankara, and excommunicated Vattasseril Mar Divannasios. To ward off the undue interference of Patriarch Abdulla in the administration of the Indian Church, Fr. P.T. Geevarghese with the blessing of Vattasseril Mar Divannasios, contacted Patriarch Abded M’siha, the Patriarch of Antioch from whom Mar Abdulla usurped the Patriarchal See of Antioch, and invited him to visit Malankara and to establish a Catholicate there. This created a split in the church in 1912, into the two groups, with some claiming that the relocation of the Catholicate to India was without authority from the Universal Syriac Orthodox Synod, thus causing the century long dispute in the Malankara Church. (See 1958).
- ↑ The Indian Orthodox Church view is that the Catholicate of the East is autocephalous and in the legitimate succession of St. Thomas the Apostle, citing use of the term "Throne of St. Thomas" in documents since at least 1301 AD, and that this was a period of religious turmoil where the Patriarch of Antioch interfered and suspended the Malankara Metropolitan, demanding complete surrender, leading to this event; two factions thus emerge from the Malankara Church (Indian Oriental Orthodoxy): the Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church (Patriarchal, "Jacobite", or Bava Faction) and Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (Catholicos, or Methran Faction).
Further reading
Heterodox
Christianity in India
- Bauman, Chad M. Christian Identity and Dalit Religion in Hindu India, 1868-1947. Studies in the History of Christian Missions. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008. ISBN 9780802862761
- Dempsey, Corinne G. Kerala Christian Sainthood: Collisions of Culture and Worldview in South India. Oxford University Press US, 2001. ISBN 9780195130287
- Fernando, Leonard, and G. Gispert-Sauch. Christianity in India: Two Thousand Years of Faith. Viking, 2004.
- Fox Young, Richard (Ed.). India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding--Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical--In Honor of Robert Eric Frykenberg. Studies in the History of Christian Missions. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2009. ISBN 9780802863928
- Hambye, Dr. Edward René (SJ) and Prof. George Menachery (Ed.). The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Volume 1. VOl. I. St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India (STCEI), 1982. ISBN 818713206X - (Vol.II 1973; Vol.I 1982; Vol.III 2009)
- Menachery, George (Prof.), (Ed.). The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India. VOL. II. Trichur: St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, 1973.
- See also: Thomapedia. 2000. ISBN 9788187132134 (The Thomapedia is the Enlarged 2000 Edition of the 1973 2nd Volume of the St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India (STCEI), both edited by Prof. George Menachery.)
- Howard, Rev. George Broadley, and Mar Thoma Syrian Church. The Christians of St. Thomas and their Liturgies: Comprising the Anaphorae of St. James; St. Peter; the Twelve Apostles; Mar Dionysius; Mar Xystus; and Mar Evannis; together with the Ordo Communis. Oxford and London: J. Henry and J. Parker, 1864.
- Kuruvilla, Philip. Identity and Integration of the Orthodox Church in India: Diaspora Youth-A Vision Beyond Malankara. Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (ISPCK), 2000. ISBN 9788172145903
- Neill, Stephen (Anglican Bp.). A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707. Volume 1. Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 9780521548854
- Neill, Stephen (Anglican Bp.). A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858. Volume 2. Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 9780521893329
- Pothan, S. G. The Syrian Christians of Kerala. Asia Pub. House, 1963.
- Priolkar, Anant Kakba. The Goa Inquisition, Being a Quatercentenary Commemoration Study of the Inquisition in India. Bombay University Press, 1961. ISBN 9780836427530
- By Indian historian Anant Priolkar. Provides the most comprehensive account of the Goa Inquisition held by Portuguese colonialists in Goa, India in the 16th century and details the wholesale massacres of Hindus, Muslims, Indian Jews and non-Catholic Indian Christians by the Portuguese inquisitors.
- Vakakkekara, Benedict. Origin of India's St. Thomas Christians: A Historiographical Critique. Media House, 1995. ISBN 9788174950000
- Visvanathan, Susan. The Christians of Kerala: History, Belief, and Ritual among the Yakoba. Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 9780195631890
Christianity In Persia
- Khanbaghi, Aptin. The Fire, The Star and The Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran. I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 2006. ISBN 9781845110567
- Wilmshurst, David. The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913. (Corpus scriptorum Christianorum orientalium ; vol. 582. Subsidia, tomus 104). Peeters Publishers, 2000. ISBN 9789042908765 (Scholarly)
- Maclean, Arthur John and William Henry Browne. The Catholicos of the East and His People. Gorgias Press LLC, 2006.
General
- Beggiani, Seely J. Introduction to Eastern Christian Spirituality: The Syriac Tradition. 2nd Ed.. University of Scranton Press, 1991. ISBN 9780940866126
- Jenkins, Philip (Prof.), and Geraint H. Jenkins. The Lost History of Christianity: The Thousand Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia - And How It Died. Publ. by Harperone, 2008. ISBN 9780061472800
- Koschorke, Klaus, Frieder Ludwig and Mariano Delgado, and Roland Spliesgart. A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450-1990: a Documentary Sourcebook. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007. ISBN 9780802828897
External Links
- Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (MOSC), Church of India. (Homepage)
- Malankara Orthodox TV (Malankara Orthodox Church of India)
- ICON (Indian Christian Orthodox News)
- Indian Orthodox Herald
- Fr. Ignatios Sennis. Orthodoxy in India Today. Transl. Tilemahos Alikakos. (re: a modern Orthodox mission in India).
Wikipedia
- General
- Oriental Orthodox
- Indian (Malankara) Orthodox Church
- Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
- Coonan Cross Oath
- Catholicos of The East and Malankara Metropolitan
- List of Catholicos of the East
- Marthoma Metrans
- Manjanikkara Dayara (Monastery of the Malankara Jacobite Syriac Orthodox Church)
- Inter-Church relations(Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church)
- Holy Qurbana (or Qurbana Qadisha - refers to the Eucharist as celebrated according to the Chaldean and Syriac Christian Rites)
- Seminaries
- Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary (Old Syrian Seminary), Kottayam)
- Nagpur St. Thomas Orthodox Theological Seminary ((St.Thomas Theological Seminary, Nagpur)
- Dioceses
- Angamaly Orthodox Diocese
- Angamali West Orthodox Diocese
- Brahmavar (Goan) Orthodox Church
- Kolkata Orthodox Diocese
- Malabar Diocese (Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church)
- Orthodox Syrian Church in Malaysia (Under the episcopal jurisdiction of the Indian Orthodox Church's Diocese of Chennai)
- People
- Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares
- Baselios Thoma Didymos I
- Baselios Geevarghese I
- John Mathews (theologian) (A Metropolitan of the Indian Orthodox Church)
- Paulos Mar Gregorios
- Thomas Mar Makarios
- Parishes
- Other St. Thomas Christian Groups
- Roman Catholic
- Protestant
- Jewish
- History of the Jews in India
- Knanaya and Nasrani (Christian Jewish groups in India with strong historical ties to Judaism)